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Edge-notched cards or edge-punched cards are a system used to store a small amount of binary or logical data on paper index cards, encoded via the presence or absence of notches in the edges of the cards.[1] The notches allow efficient sorting of a large number of cards in a paper-based database, as well as the selection of specific cards matching multiple desired criteria.
Unlike machine-readable punched cards, edge-notched cards were designed to be manually sorted by human operators. They are also informally called needle cards since they can be sorted with the help of long knitting needles. In the mid-20th century they were sold under names such as Cope-Chat cards, E-Z Sort cards, McBee Keysort cards,[2] and Indecks cards.[3]
History
[edit]An early instance of a methodology similar to edge-notched cards appeared in 1904.[4] Edge-notched cards were used for specialized data storage and cataloging through much of the 20th century. They were gradually replaced by computer storage.
Formats
[edit]
Cards existed in many variants, with differing sizes and numbers of rows of holes. The center of the card could be blank for information to be written onto, or contain a pre-printed form. In the case of edge-notched aperture cards, it would contain a microform image.[5][6]
By the mid-20th century a popular version consisted of 5-by-8-inch (13 by 20 cm) paperboard cards with holes punched at regular intervals along all four edges, a short distance in from the edges.
Encoding of data
[edit]
To record data, the paper stock between a hole and the nearest edge was removed by a special notching tool. The holes were assigned a meaning dependent upon a particular application. For example, one hole might record the answer to a yes/no question on a survey, with the presence of a notch meaning "yes". More-complex data was encoded using a variety of schemes, often using a superimposed code which allows more distinct categories to be coded than the number of holes available.
Retrieval and sorting
[edit]To allow a visual check that all cards in a deck were oriented the same way, one corner of each card was beveled, much like Hollerith punched cards. Edge-notched cards, however, were not intended to be read by machines such as IBM card sorters.
Instead, cards were manipulated by passing one or more slim needles through selected holes in a group of cards. While the rest of the deck would be lifted by moving the needles, those cards that were notched in the hole positions where the needles were inserted would be left behind. Using two or more needles produced a logical and function. Combining the cards from two different selections produced a logical or. Quite complex manipulations, including sorting were possible using these techniques.[7]
Applications
[edit]
Before the widespread use of computers, some public libraries used a system of small edge-notched cards in paper pockets in the back of library books to keep track of them.[8][9] The corporate library of a division of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company maintained a subject catalog on two-level edge-punched cards (Royal-McBee Keysort cards) that grew to 15,000 cards before the librarians began to consider keeping the catalog on a computer.[10]
Edge-notched cards were used for course scheduling in some high schools and colleges.[11] Keysort cards were also used in World War II codebreaking.
The Stasi used edge-notched cards (German: Kerblochkarteikarten) from 1965 to index information including details of staff, crimes, people under surveillance, and vehicles. Cards often stored information about the occupation, interests, and suspected political affiliations of those recorded. The index cards contained basic personal data in plain text, while sensitive data was coded using the notches.[12] A 1956 technical standard specified four card sizes, approximating paper sizes from A7 to A4.[13] The cards became obsolete for data storage by 1980 with the introduction of computer databases, but were retained and used to retrieve information after this date.[14]
See also
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Notes
[edit]- ^ Casey 1958.
- ^ Casey 1958, p. v.
- ^ Kelly 2008.
- ^ Casey 1958, p. 4.
- ^ Ellsworth 1951.
- ^ Cady 1999, p. 182.
- ^ For example: Robert S. Casey & James W. Perry, "Elementary manipulations of hand-sorted punched cards", in Casey 1958, pp. 12–29.
- ^ Kilgour 1939.
- ^ "An old library book card". plakboek.livejournal.com. Retrieved 2025-08-06. An example of an edge-notched library card.
- ^ Grandine, Starr & Putscher 1961.
- ^ Anderson & Van Dyke 1963.
- ^ "Das Kerbloch- bzw. Randlochverfahren". www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ^ "Dokumentations-Hilfsmittel Schlitz- und Kerbkarten: TGL 3170-56" (PDF). uni-weimar.de. Amt für Standardisierung, German Democratic Republic. 1956. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ "Die Kerblochkartei (KK)". www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
References
[edit]- Anderson, Lester W.; Van Dyke, Lauren Andrew (1963). "Machine and marginal punch card programming and registration". Secondary school administration. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 178–180. OCLC 186532.
- Cady, Susan A. (1999). "Microfilm technology and information systems". In Bowden, Mary Ellen; Hahn, Trudi Bellardo; Williams, Robert Virgil (eds.). Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on the History and Heritage of Science Information Systems. ASIS monograph series. Medford, NJ: Published for the American Society for Information Science and the Chemical Heritage Foundation by Information Today. pp. 177–186. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.99.3796. ISBN 1573870803. OCLC 42022214.
Early aperture cards were sometimes mounted on McBee Keysort cards that could be notched on the margins to indicate an index term and then sorted manually with tools resembling knitting needles.
- Casey, Robert S., ed. (1958) [1951]. Punched cards: their applications to science and industry (2nd ed.). New York: Reinhold Pub. Corp. OCLC 574357. Edge-notched cards are mentioned in multiple chapters in this collection.
- Ellsworth, Russell S. (October 1951). "New horizons with microfilm". American Documentation. 2 (4): 221–228. doi:10.1002/asi.5090020407. An article that describes the use of microform images in edge-notched aperture cards.
- Grandine, Joseph D.; Starr, Eva M.; Putscher, Richard E. (July 1961). "Report index searching on the Bendix G-15D computer". Journal of Chemical Documentation. 1 (2): 79–83. doi:10.1021/c160002a020.
- Kelly, Kevin (17 June 2008). "One dead media". kk.org. Retrieved 2025-08-06. An article on edge-notched cards that mentions their use in the production of The Last Whole Earth Catalog in the 1970s, among other projects. Kelly observed that as a medium edge-notched cards were "dead", but some commenters on the article suggested otherwise.
- Kilgour, Frederick G. (15 February 1939). "A new punched card for circulation records". Library Journal. 64 (4): 131–133. An article introducing McBee Keysort edge-notched cards for use in library circulation records. The author, a technology early adopter, later became a pioneer in library computerization.
External links
[edit]- Example of a set of 53 edged-notched cards used by Gordon Bell to gather information for a book (Computer History Museum)
- Example of a blank pre-printed edge-notched card designed to store bird population research data (Smithsonian)
- Example of a commercially-produced notched card reference database, the Isotope Datadex (1961-1970)